Miniature Schnauzer Dog Breed Profile: Facts, Diet, Care

Miniature Schnauzer_

What is a Miniature Schnauzer dog breed, its profile, behavior, traits, lifespan, health, training, personality, grooming, care, and other interesting facts? The Miniature Schnauzer, a diminutive canine adorned with a square-bodied frame, stands as a testament to the epitome of terrier elegance. Its wiry coat, a marvel of nature, enshrouds this breed in a tapestry of practicality and charm. The robust construction of this small-sized terrier is a nod to its enduring strength, creating a harmonious blend of functionality and aesthetic appeal. This article will give you an overview of the Miniature Schnauzer dog breed profile, behavior, traits, lifespan, health, training, personality, grooming, care, and other interesting, fun facts. Keep reading.

Miniature Schnauzer dog breed profile

When considering the addition of a Miniature Schnauzer to your family, understanding their specific needs and characteristics is crucial. In terms of exercise, allocate 20 to 40 minutes per day to keep them physically and mentally stimulated. Their energy level is moderate, striking a balance between playfulness and relaxation. In terms of longevity, Miniature Schnauzers typically live between 12 to 14 years, making them long-term companions.

Notably, their tendencies to drool and snore are low, offering a reprieve for those who prefer a tidier living space. However, be prepared for a vocal household, as their inclination to bark is high. Additionally, they have a moderate tendency to dig, so a well-fenced yard is advisable. Meeting their social and attention needs is essential, as they thrive on human interaction. Here are some of the interesting, fun facts about the Miniature Schnauzer dog breed:

History: Origins and Ancestry

Miniature Schnauzers, those resilient and lively companions, trace their roots back to the late 19th century in Germany. Emerging as a distinct breed, they are the offspring of the venerable Affenpinschers and the stalwart Normal Schnauzers. What sets the Miniature Schnauzer apart is not only its diminutive size but also its unique distinction as the sole Terrier not hailing from the realms of European Isle lineage.

The nomenclature itself, “schnauzer,” carries an intriguing meaning—beard. This seemingly inconspicuous detail hints at the breed’s original purpose: an adept rat-catcher on the agricultural landscapes of the past. These pint-sized canines were the unsung heroes of farms, diligently fulfilling their duty in pest control.

Evolution: From Rat-Catcher to Companion

In the evolution of time and purpose, the Miniature Schnauzer has undergone a profound transformation. No longer confined to the rat-chasing chores of yesteryear, this breed has seamlessly transitioned into a modern role as a steadfast companion. Today, their primary mission revolves around spreading joy and companionship to those fortunate enough to share their lives with these cheerful canines.

Recognition: AKC Acknowledgment and Popularity Surge

The turning point in the Miniature Schnauzer’s history arrived in 1933 when the American Kennel Club (AKC) officially recognized it as a separate breed distinct from the Normal Schnauzer. This formal recognition cemented the breed’s identity and marked the beginning of its ascent in popularity. In its heyday, the Miniature Schnauzer claimed the esteemed position of being the third most popular breed in America. Despite the ebbs and flows of canine fads, the Miniature Schnauzer endures as a perennial favorite among dog enthusiasts.

Miniature Schnauzer Breed

Originating from Germany, the Miniature Schnauzer is a small-sized dog breed that exudes charm with its distinctive beard and bushy eyebrows. Despite their diminutive stature, they are renowned for their robust and spirited personalities. These pint-sized companions are a delightful blend of intelligence, loyalty, and an endearing sense of alertness.

Miniature Schnauzer Origins and Purpose

The inception of the Miniature Schnauzer finds its roots in the practicality of safeguarding homes and farms from the relentless intrusion of rodents. A testament to their historical purpose, these diminutive canines exhibit remarkable speed and resilience in their mission to protect. Their traditional role as guardians is deeply embedded in their nature, making them an invaluable ally in the battle against the incessant scurry of pests.

Distinctive Physique and Striking Gait

A defining aspect of the Miniature Schnauzer is its remarkable physique, a small yet sturdy frame that harbors a surprising amount of muscular strength. The canine’s gait is a spectacle, finely tuned to achieve both precision and force. As they move, distinct alertness permeates their demeanor, showcasing an outlook that is both keen and attentive. This unique combination of physicality and presence underscores their suitability as vigilant companions.

Exquisite Coat Composition and Expression

Cloaked in a double-layered coat, the Miniature Schnauzer’s fur is a masterpiece of texture and design. A detailed undercoat provides insulation, while the outer coat is resolutely wiry, especially accentuated on the legs, muzzle, and eyebrows. Their facial features, adorned with impressive eyebrows, a distinguished mustache, and leg hair, contribute to an expression that exudes eagerness. It is this combination of coat intricacy and facial furnishings that renders them visually distinctive.

Size, Weight and Gender Differentiation

When it comes to size, the Miniature Schnauzer showcases a modest stature with gender-specific variations. The males, standing at an elevation of 12 to 14 inches, carry a weight ranging from 11 to 18 kilograms. In contrast, their female counterparts, slightly smaller at 11 to 13 inches, bear a weight between 10 to 15 kilograms. This gender-specific divergence adds a nuanced layer to their physical characteristics, emphasizing both strength and agility.

Color Palette and Variations

The Miniature Schnauzer is a canvas of diverse colors, each hue contributing to their aesthetic allure. Salt and pepper, black with silver markings, solid black, or pristine white – these are the pigments that paint the palette of their fur. Notably, white, though a rarity, is not entirely unseen, adding an element of unexpected rarity to their color spectrum. This varied array of colors further enhances the captivating appeal of the Miniature Schnauzer.

Ideal Measurements and Distinctive Facial Features

For those seeking perfection in their Miniature Schnauzer, adherence to ideal measurements becomes paramount. Adult males, at their zenith, should stand at a height of 36 centimeters, accompanied by a weight of 8 kilograms. Females, slightly more delicate, are expected to measure 33 centimeters in height and carry a weight of 7 kilograms. Beyond measurements, the hallmark of their facial features lies in a rectangular head adorned with bushy eyebrows, a mustache reminiscent of a walrus, and a beard that adds a touch of opulence. The ears, a subject of potential aesthetic alteration through cropping, further contribute to their distinctive appearance, standing erect if trimmed or gracefully folding forward if left in their natural state.

Diversity in Coats

While the quintessential Miniature Schnauzer boasts a salt-and-pepper coat, the spectrum of their fur extends beyond this classic pattern. Solid black coats and black and silver variations further diversify the aesthetic panorama of this breed. Each coat variation carries its own charm and uniqueness, contributing to the rich tapestry of appearances within the Miniature Schnauzer community. Whether it be the classic peppered look or the bold allure of solid black, the coat variations showcase the breed’s adaptability to different aesthetic preferences.

Miniature Schnauzer Temperament: A Terrier’s Charm Unveiled

The enchanting allure of the Miniature Schnauzer in the realm of terrier pets is undeniable. These diminutive dogs boast a temperament that seamlessly blends playfulness, curiosity, alertness, spunk, and an undeniable companionable nature. Unlike their larger Schnauzer counterparts, they exude a refined sense of manners, often proving to be less domineering and more affable, particularly when interacting with fellow canines. Surprisingly, their social prowess extends to a harmonious coexistence with other animals, though the spirited chase might still tempt their whims.

In the intricate tapestry of canine intelligence, the Miniature Schnauzer occupies a notable position. Their intellect is matched only by a touch of stubbornness, creating a captivating blend of wit and determination. While they may occasionally assert their independence, their general disposition leans towards being amenable, making them surprisingly trainable. A fascinating aspect of their personality is their affinity for children, finding joy in their company, even though a few might express their exuberance through enthusiastic barking.

Character Unveiled: The Hardy Spirit of Miniature Schnauzers

Delve into the character of the Miniature Schnauzer, and you uncover a resilient, alert, and spunky essence. Despite their diminutive stature, they radiate a feisty energy, donning a veneer of scrappiness when faced with unfamiliar dogs. The juxtaposition of this spirited demeanor with their endearing playfulness positions them as ideal companions for families, particularly those graced with well-behaved children.

In the realm of obedience and quick learning, the Miniature Schnauzer shines with distinction. Their loyalty to their human packs is unwavering, forging bonds that endure. It is this combination of hardiness, quick wit, and loyalty that sets them apart, making them a cherished member of households fortunate enough to experience their vibrant character.

Sizing Up the Miniature Schnauzer

In the realm of canine diversity, the Miniature Schnauzer carves out its own distinctive niche, not merely through its appearance but also in its compact size. The dimensions of this breed offer a delicate balance, where a diminutive stature is met with a surprisingly robust physique. The male Miniature Schnauzer, a sturdy companion, showcases a weight range spanning from 11 to 18 pounds, embodying a compact yet muscular presence. On the feminine side of the spectrum, the weight varies between 10 to 15 pounds, underscoring the breed’s diversity in size.

Trainability

It is imperative to underscore the importance of an hour’s daily exercise regimen for a mature Miniature Schnauzer. This breed, however, is remarkably adaptable and exhibits a penchant for embracing additional physical activity if it is proffered. A remarkable quality that endears this canine to families is its uncanny ability to seamlessly integrate into the daily routine of its household. The Miniature Schnauzer, with its versatile nature, effortlessly accommodates various exercise regimens, making it an ideal companion for individuals with diverse lifestyles.

Miniature Schnauzer Diet

The physiological peculiarities of small canines present a unique dietary challenge. Their swift metabolism demands a higher caloric intake, yet their diminutive stomach capacity necessitates frequent, smaller meals. To address this conundrum, specialized small-breed foods have been meticulously formulated. These canine culinary creations boast precise proportions of essential nutrients and are crafted in diminutive kibble sizes, tailor-made to accommodate petite mouths. The strategic design not only ensures optimal nutrition but also promotes the invaluable habit of thorough chewing, fostering improved digestion.

Miniature Schnauzer Grooming

The coat of the Miniature Schnauzer is a marvel of texture—harsh, wiry, and notably short, with the added bonus of a dense undercoat. Maintaining the lustrous appearance of this coat is a commitment that demands attention at a frequency of no less than twice a week. A distinctive characteristic of grooming for this breed is the necessity of hand stripping for those destined for the show ring. However, for the more casual setting of a family pet, the straightforward approach of clipping suffices. It’s worth noting that while the grooming process for Mini Schnauzers is undeniably an art, the body color may undergo a gradual fade over the course of time, adding a touch of natural charm to this already charismatic breed.

Good Dog Breeds for Kids

The compatibility between canines and children is a nuanced interplay that transcends breed stereotypes. While certain breeds are conventionally deemed kid-friendly, it is crucial to underscore that harmonious coexistence requires a concerted effort from both parties. Establishing a respectful relationship and ensuring safety during interactions are paramount. The adage “all dogs are good with kids” holds true, but with a critical caveat—teaching both dogs and children the art of mutual respect. The onus of supervision lies squarely on the shoulders of adults, emphasizing the importance of a watchful eye to facilitate a secure and amicable coexistence.

Bred For

Miniature Schnauzers were initially bred for ratting, showcasing their innate hunting instincts. This historical purpose contributes to their alert and vigilant nature. Despite their diminutive size, they possess a tenacity and courage that make them effective in hunting and controlling rodent populations.

The Miniature Schnauzer’s coat is a visual testament to its unique charm. With a medium length, it is characterized by a double coat that is notably hard. This distinctive coat not only adds to their aesthetic appeal but also provides protection from various weather conditions. The available colors for this breed include the classic salt and pepper, black and silver, and solid black. Maintaining their coat requires moderate grooming efforts, ensuring that their signature look is kept in pristine condition.

Club Recognition

Acknowledgment by reputable dog clubs further solidifies the Miniature Schnauzer’s standing in the canine world. Classified as a Terrier by both the American Kennel Club (AKC) and the United Kennel Club (UKC), they are recognized for their distinct qualities within this category. Their prevalence is noteworthy, as they are a common sight in households around the world. The widespread acceptance of the Miniature Schnauzer in these esteemed organizations attests to their popularity and the breed’s adherence to specific standards.

Heightening Perspectives

As we delve into the nuanced realm of the Miniature Schnauzer’s physical dimensions, the height at the withers emerges as a pivotal metric. The male, standing at a modest 14 inches, exudes an aura of confidence and stature that belies its compact frame. The female counterpart, with a slightly smaller height of 13 inches, retains an air of elegance and poise. It is this meticulous attention to size that encapsulates the essence of the Miniature Schnauzer, a creature whose stature defies expectations.

Adaptability and Contentment

Miniature Schnauzers exhibit a remarkable level of adaptability that transcends the boundaries of living environments. Whether nestled in the confines of a bustling city apartment, content with a few daily walks, or frolicking on an expansive countryside estate with ample space for unrestrained running, these canines seamlessly integrate into diverse settings. Their happiness seems unswayed by the urban buzz or the tranquility of rural landscapes, showcasing a versatile nature that endears them to owners across various lifestyles.

Social Dynamics and Early Canine Interaction

The Miniature Schnauzer, with its innate fearlessness, demands a nuanced approach to socialization. Introducing them to other dogs during their puppyhood becomes imperative. This early exposure not only cultivates a harmonious relationship with fellow canines but also shapes their sociable disposition. A Miniature Schnauzer’s comfort around other dogs lays the foundation for a balanced and socially adept adult canine, contributing to a fulfilling and well-rounded companionship.

Familial Integration and Inherent Sociability

At the core of a Miniature Schnauzer’s personality lies a profound sociability. These dogs thrive when in the company of their human counterparts, harboring a deep-seated desire to be integral parts of family activities. Whether the household is engrossed in a leisurely session of television watching or embarking on an energetic run, these sociable canines yearn for full inclusion. Their presence becomes a binding thread in the fabric of familial experiences, adding a layer of warmth to shared moments

Miniature Schnauzer Exercise and Grooming Regimen:

The vibrant and spirited Miniature Schnauzer, known for its boundless energy, can conveniently fulfill its exercise needs with a mere leisurely stroll on a leash or a vigorous romp in the backyard. This compact canine companion finds joy in the simple pleasures of physical activity, making it an ideal partner for both urban and suburban dwellers seeking an engaging yet manageable exercise routine.

Despite their relatively undemanding exercise requirements, the Miniature Schnauzer’s distinctive wire coat necessitates dedicated attention to grooming. A conscientious owner would find themselves gently combing through this distinctive coat a few times each week, ensuring that potential tangles and mats are preemptively addressed. However, this commitment extends beyond the casual brushing, with the breed benefiting significantly from professional grooming every couple of months. It is within the skilled hands of a groomer that the coat’s texture can be expertly softened, preserving the breed’s characteristic appearance and tactile appeal.

Miniature Schnauzer

Miniature Schnauzer Health Profile

In delving into the intricacies of the Miniature Schnauzer’s health landscape, a conscientious owner must be attuned to both major and minor health considerations. Among the primary concerns are urolithiasis and progressive retinal atrophy (PRA), conditions that demand vigilant monitoring and proactive healthcare measures. However, the breed is not immune to a spectrum of minor issues, ranging from the Schnauzer comedo syndrome to von Willebrand disease (vWD), myotonia congenita, and various allergies.

A discerning owner should also be aware of conditions that are frequently observed in the breed, including cataracts, retinal dysplasia, and the potential risk of mycobacterium avian infection. To maintain the health and well-being of their Miniature Schnauzer, regular and targeted veterinary checks are recommended. Specific tests such as eye examinations and DNA tests for type A PRA, vWD, and myotonia congenita should be incorporated into the routine, providing a proactive approach to identifying and managing potential health issues. Cardiac evaluations should also be a part of the regular health regimen for this spirited breed.

Miniature Schnauzer Lifespan and Longevity

A succinct but crucial facet of the Miniature Schnauzer’s profile is its lifespan, a temporal dimension that underscores the commitment involved in nurturing this breed. With an anticipated life span of 12 to 14 years, prospective owners are confronted with the responsibility of providing enduring care and companionship for a significant portion of their lives.

This relatively extended lifespan necessitates a comprehensive understanding of the breed’s evolving needs across different life stages. From the exuberance of puppyhood to the potential challenges of aging, a dedicated owner should remain attuned to the evolving health requirements, ensuring a fulfilling and enriching journey throughout the entirety of the Miniature Schnauzer’s life. As with any canine companion, the longevity of the bond formed between owner and Schnauzer is contingent upon an unwavering commitment to holistic care, encompassing physical well-being, mental stimulation, and emotional connection.

Allergy-Friendly Companions

For individuals grappling with allergies to traditional dog breeds, the Miniature Schnauzer emerges as a beacon of relief. Their unique quality of not shedding alleviates concerns related to allergens commonly associated with pet ownership. These dogs become cherished companions for those who would otherwise be deprived of the joys of canine companionship due to allergic sensitivities, offering a hypoallergenic alternative without compromising on the joys of canine companionship.

Grooming Rigors and Maintenance

The allure of a non-shedding coat comes with its own set of responsibilities. While Miniature Schnauzers spare their owners from the perpetual battle against shed fur, they necessitate regular grooming to maintain their distinctive appearance. A regimen encompassing frequent brushing, and meticulous hair and nail cutting, along with periodic clipping and stripping, becomes an essential aspect of caring for these delightful companions. The effort invested in grooming is a testament to the commitment required to preserve the Miniature Schnauzer’s distinctive charm.

Miniature Schnauzer Activity Level

The vitality of the Miniature Schnauzer extends beyond its compact size, as this breed encapsulates a dynamic energy that belies its physical stature. Renowned for its spirited demeanor and lively disposition, the Miniature Schnauzer stands as a testament to the notion that great things indeed come in small packages.

Their exuberance for play and exercise is nothing short of infectious, making them ideal companions for individuals seeking an active and engaging canine counterpart. Whether frolicking in the sunlit expanses of a backyard or embarking on invigorating walks, the Miniature Schnauzer’s enthusiasm for physical activity not only ensures their own well-being but also injects a vibrant energy into the daily lives of those fortunate enough to share space with these animated creatures.

Playfulness

In the realm of canine companions, the Miniature Schnauzer stands out as a beacon of playfulness, infusing boundless energy into the daily tapestry of its owner’s life. With a spirited demeanor that knows no bounds, this diminutive breed exhibits an exuberance that rivals its larger counterparts. Picture the vivacious prance, the joyous twinkle in its expressive eyes, and the infectious enthusiasm that propels it into a frolicsome dance around the living room. Engaging in a perpetual game of catch-me-if-you-can, their agile movements evoke an atmosphere of perpetual amusement.

Miniature Schnauzer Independence

In the symphony of canine personalities, the Miniature Schnauzer strikes a unique chord of independence. Unlike some breeds that cling fervently to their human counterparts, these small wonders exude a self-assured demeanor, navigating the world with a blend of curiosity and autonomy. Picture the stoic gaze, a testament to their self-reliant nature, and animal instinct, as they explore their surroundings with a poised grace. This independence, however, does not preclude an affectionate heart, as they strike a harmonious balance between autonomy and a warm, loyal connection with their human counterparts.

Miniature Schnauzer Dog Vocality

Within the auditory spectrum of dog breeds, the Miniature Schnauzer emerges as a vocal virtuoso, wielding its voice with a delightful range of expressions. From the distinctive, staccato-like barks that serve as a vigilant alarm system to the melodic howls of excitement when a cherished companion returns home, their vocal repertoire is both diverse and captivating. Their communicative prowess extends beyond mere barks, encompassing a nuanced language of whimpers, yips, and growls, creating a canine conversation that adds a unique layer to the shared experience between pet and owner.

Loyalty

At the very core of the Miniature Schnauzer’s essence lies an unwavering loyalty, a commitment to its human family that transcends the bounds of its compact stature. Picture the earnest gaze, a reflection of devotion that mirrors the unbreakable bond between pet and owner. This loyalty manifests not only in moments of joy and play but also in the quieter, more profound instances when a comforting presence is needed. In the face of challenges, the Miniature Schnauzer stands as a stalwart companion, ready to navigate the complexities of life with a steadfast dedication that defines the quintessence of canine loyalty.

Miniature Schnauzer Sociability

In the social tapestry of canine behavior, the Miniature Schnauzer emerges as a gregarious and convivial character, weaving threads of affability into the very fabric of its being. Exhibiting a natural proclivity for forming connections not only with humans but also with fellow canines, this breed thrives in social settings, transforming even the most mundane moments into opportunities for camaraderie and shared joy in your empire. Their sociable demeanor is underscored by a genial disposition that extends warmth to strangers and acquaintances alike, making them not only delightful companions within the confines of home but also endearing ambassadors of goodwill in the broader social sphere.

Trainability: Unlocking the Canine Intellect

Miniature Schnauzers, with their keen intelligence and eagerness to please, stand as paragons of trainability in the canine kingdom. This breed exhibits a remarkable ability to grasp commands swiftly, turning training sessions into a delightful symphony of cooperation between master and dog. Their innate desire to learn and impressive memory makes them not only obedient but also receptive to a diverse array of commands and tricks. Training a Miniature Schnauzer is a joyous journey, showcasing the breed’s adaptability and mental acumen.

Breed Standards: A Meticulous Canvas of Canine Excellence

In the realm of breed standards, the Miniature Schnauzer emerges as a canvas painted with meticulous details. The standards, set by canine authorities, delineate the ideal characteristics that define this charming breed. From the sparkle in their eyes that exudes intelligence to the sturdy legs and paws that hint at their robust agility, every aspect of a Miniature Schnauzer is a testament to careful breeding and meticulous selection. The well-proportioned tail, the compact yet muscular body, the distinctive head with its bushy eyebrows, and the perky ears contribute to a harmonious ensemble that captures the essence of this miniature marvel.

Shedding: A Symphony of Minimalism

For those seeking a canine companion without the relentless battle against pet hair, the Miniature Schnauzer stands as a beacon of hope. Shedding, a perennial woe for many dog owners is a minimal concern in the realm of this breed. Their wiry double coat, characterized by a soft undercoat and a coarse outer coat, not only adds to their distinctive appearance but also reduces the amount of loose hair in the household. While no dog is entirely free from shedding, the Miniature Schnauzer’s shedding tendencies are notably modest, making them a preferred choice for those with an aversion to constant grooming.

Hypoallergenic: A Breath of Relief for Allergic Souls

For individuals with allergies, the quest for a hypoallergenic dog is akin to an odyssey fraught with challenges. Enter the Miniature Schnauzer, a beacon of relief in the sea of allergenic concerns. This breed, with its low shedding and minimal dander production, is often considered hypoallergenic. While no dog can be entirely allergen-free, the Miniature Schnauzer’s hypoallergenic attributes make it a potential ally for those yearning for the joy of canine companionship without the persistent threat of allergic reactions.

Affection Level

The Miniature Schnauzer, a captivating breed renowned for its remarkable affectionate nature, consistently earns high marks in the realm of canine companionship. This diminutive yet spirited canine not only possesses an innate ability to form deep emotional connections but also exudes an unbridled enthusiasm for showering its human counterparts with boundless love and unwavering loyalty. Dog accessories on Amazon

With a heart as expansive as its charming demeanor, the Miniature Schnauzer seamlessly integrates into the familial fabric, becoming not merely a pet but an indispensable member of the household. Their affectionate disposition transcends mere physical proximity, as their intuitive understanding of human emotions allows them to provide comfort and solace during moments of joy, sorrow, and every nuanced emotion in between.

Miniature Schnauzer Intelligence

The intellectual prowess of the Miniature Schnauzer unveils itself as a multifaceted tapestry, intricately woven with strands of curiosity, adaptability, and a keen receptivity to training. Beyond their undeniable charm and playful antics, these canny canines harbor a sharp intellect that readily responds to mental stimulation and challenges. Their intuitive grasp of commands, coupled with an innate eagerness to learn, positions the Miniature Schnauzer as an ideal canvas for those inclined toward canine training endeavors.

Whether mastering new tricks, navigating intricate obstacle courses, or simply displaying an uncanny ability to comprehend and respond to the nuances of human communication, the Miniature Schnauzer stands as a testament to the captivating intersection of charm and intellect within the realm of canine companionship.

Graceful Aging and Prolonged Vitality

Miniature Schnauzers, akin to fine wine, age with grace and subtlety. Unlike some breeds that betray signs of aging prematurely, these canines retain their vitality well into their later years. The markers of time become discernible only in the twilight of their lives, underscoring their resilience and enduring health. With an average life expectancy spanning 12 to 14 years, Miniature Schnauzers offer their owners a prolonged journey of companionship, each stage marked by a unique tapestry of shared experiences. See what I picked to go in my BoxDog

Ears that Speak Volumes

In the pantheon of canine features, the semi-prick ears of the Miniature Schnauzer emerge as a distinctive hallmark. Nature, in its infinite wisdom, has endowed this breed with ears that exude a sense of alertness and vivacity. These semi-prick ears, unaltered by human intervention, stand testament to the breed’s authenticity and natural charm. As the Schnauzer moves through the world, these ears, perched atop its noble head, capture every nuance of its surroundings, adding an extra layer of perceptiveness to an already keen and intelligent creature.

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